The so-called biometric technology is the combination of computer and optical, acoustic, biosensor and biostatistical principles, using the inherent physiological characteristics of the human body (such as fingerprints, faces, irises, etc.) and behavioral features (such as handwriting). , voice, gait, etc.) to identify individuals.
Biometric technology mainly refers to a technology for identity authentication through human biometrics. Human biometrics are usually unique, measurable or automatically recognizable and verifiable, hereditary or lifelong, so biometric authentication technology Compared with traditional authentication technology, it has a big advantage.
First, fingerprint identification
principle
The fingerprint is the texture created by the unevenness of the skin on the front side of the finger. Although the fingerprint is only a small part of the human skin, it contains a lot of information. Fingerprint features can be divided into two categories: general features and local features. The overall characteristics are those that can be observed directly from the human eye, including basic texture patterns, pattern areas, core points, triangle points, pattern lines, and lines. The basic grain pattern has a ring shape, an arc shape, and a spiral shape. The local feature is the feature of the node on the fingerprint. These nodes with certain characteristics are called feature points. Two fingerprints often have the same overall characteristics, but their local features—feature points—cannot be identical. The feature points on the fingerprint, that is, the endpoints, bifurcation points, and turning points on the fingerprint line.
Fingerprint recognition technology usually uses the overall features of fingerprints such as striated shapes, triangular points, etc. to classify, and then uses local features such as position and orientation to perform user identification. Usually, first, find the 'feature point' (minutiae) from the acquired fingerprint image, and then establish a digital representation of the user's living fingerprint according to the characteristics of the feature point - fingerprint feature data (a one-way conversion, which can be converted from the fingerprint image into Feature data but cannot be converted from feature data to a fingerprint image). Since two different fingerprints do not produce the same feature data, the pattern data of the collected fingerprint image and the fingerprint feature data stored in the database are pattern-matched to calculate their similarity, and finally two The matching result of the fingerprint is used to identify the user identity according to the matching result. Since each person's fingerprint is different, there is a clear difference between the fingers of the same person, so the fingerprint can be used for identification.
Fingerprint recognition technology mainly involves four functions: reading fingerprint images, extracting features, saving data and comparing. First of all. The image of the human body fingerprint is read by the fingerprint reading device, and after the fingerprint image is taken, the original image is preprocessed. Secondly, using the fingerprint identification software to establish the digital representation feature data of the fingerprint is a one-way conversion, which can be converted from fingerprint to feature data but cannot be converted from feature data to fingerprint, and two different fingerprints will not produce the same feature. data. The software finds the data points called 'nodes' from the fingerprints, that is, the coordinate positions of the bifurcation, termination or circle of the fingerprint lines, which have more than seven unique features at the same time. Since there are typically 70 nodes on the finger, this method produces about 500 data. Some algorithms combine node and direction information to generate more data. These direction information indicates the relationship between nodes, and some algorithms also process the entire fingerprint image. In summary, these data, often referred to as templates, are saved as records of 1KB size. Finally, through the method of computer fuzzy comparison, the templates of the two fingerprints are compared to calculate their similarity, and finally the matching results of the two fingerprints are obtained.
1, the advantages of fingerprint recognition
(1) Fingerprints are unique features of the human body and their complexity is sufficient to provide sufficient features for authentication.
(2) If you want to increase reliability, just register more fingerprints, identify more fingers, up to ten, and each fingerprint is unique.
(3) Scanning fingerprints is fast and easy to use.
(4) When reading the fingerprint, the user must touch the finger and the fingerprint collection head. The direct contact with the fingerprint collection head is the most reliable method for reading the biological characteristics of the human body. This is also a major reason that fingerprint recognition technology can occupy most markets. .
(5) The fingerprint collection head can be more compact and the price will be lower.
2, the shortcomings of fingerprint recognition
(1) Fingerprints of certain people or certain groups are difficult to image because of the small number of fingerprints.
(2) In the past, because of the use of fingerprints in criminal records, some people were afraid to 'record fingerprints'. However, in fact, the current fingerprint authentication technology can ensure that no data containing fingerprint images is stored, but only encrypted fingerprint feature data obtained from fingerprints.
(3) Each time the fingerprint is used, the fingerprint of the user is left on the fingerprint collection head, and these fingerprint traces have the possibility of being used to copy the fingerprint.
It can be seen that fingerprint identification technology is currently the most convenient, reliable, non-invasive and inexpensive biometric technology solution, and the market application has great potential.
Second, voice recognition
principle
The so-called voiceprint is a sound wave spectrum that carries speech information displayed by an electroacoustic instrument. The generation of human language is a complex physiological and physical process between the human language center and the vocal organs. The vocal organs used by people in speech--tongue, teeth, throat, lungs, and nasal cavity vary greatly in size and shape. , so the soundprints of any two people are different. Each person's speech acoustic characteristics are both relatively stable and variability, not absolute and immutable. This variation can come from physiology, pathology, psychology, simulation, camouflage, and also related to environmental disturbances. However, since each person's vocal organs are different, in general, people can still distinguish the voices of different people or judge whether they are the same person's voice.
Advantages and disadvantages
The application of voiceprint recognition has some shortcomings, such as the volatility of the same person's voice, which is susceptible to physical condition, age, mood, etc.; for example, different microphones and channels have an impact on recognition performance; for example, environmental noise has interference with recognition; For example, in the case of a mixed speaker, the voiceprint features of the person are not easy to extract; Despite this, the application of voiceprint recognition has some special advantages over other biometrics:
(1) The voice acquisition with voiceprint features is convenient and natural, and the voiceprint extraction can be completed without knowing it, so the user's acceptance is also high;
(2) The recognition of the acquired voice is low in cost, simple to use, and a microphone can be used, and no additional recording equipment is needed when using the communication device;
(3) Suitable for remote identity verification, only need a microphone or telephone, mobile phone can realize remote login through the network (communication network or internet);
(4) The algorithm for voiceprint recognition and confirmation is low in complexity;
(5) With some other measures, such as content recognition through voice recognition, etc., can improve the accuracy; ... and so on. These advantages make the application of voiceprint recognition more and more popular among system developers and users. The world market share of voiceprint recognition is 15.8%, which is second only to the biometric identification of fingerprints and palm prints, and has a rising trend.
Third, retina recognition
The retina is the layer of blood cells at the bottom of the eye. Retinal scanning is a unique feature of low-density infrared light to capture the retina, and the only pattern of blood cells is captured.
The retina is a very small nerve located at the back of the eyeball (1/50th of an inch). It is an important organ that the human eye perceives light and transmits information to the brain through the optic nerve. It is similar to the function of film for biometric recognition. The blood vessels are distributed around the nerve retina, the farthest of the retinal four-layer cells.
Advantages of retinal technology
The retina is an extremely fixed biological feature because it is 'hidden' and therefore cannot be worn, aged or affected by disease.
The user does not need to make direct contact with the device.
It is one of the most difficult systems to deceive because the retina is invisible and therefore not forged.
Disadvantages of retinal technology
Retinal technology has not been tested.
It is clear that retinal technology may cause health damage to the user, which requires further research.
For consumers, retinal technology is not attractive.
It is difficult to further reduce its cost.
Fourth, iris recognition
principle
Capture the iris's data image
Preparation process for image analysis of iris
Create 512 bytes of iriscode from the texture or type of iris.
Use the iriscode template for confirmation.
In today's world, iris recognition is still recognized as the most accurate biometric identification system.
Biometrics is a technique that translates unique human features (such as facial features, sounds, fingerprint features, etc.) into digital codes that identify and verify identity.
The iris recognition technology recognizes the identity through the unique characteristics of the human eye iris, and the accuracy of iris feature matching exceeds the DNA match.
This technology has been widely recognized in the biometric industry as the current identification, stability, and upgradeability of identity systems.
Advantages 1. Easy to use by users;
2. May be the most reliable biometric technology;
3. No physical contact is required;
4. High reliability.
Quick and convenient: With this system, you can achieve gating without carrying any documents, and can be unidirectional or bidirectional;
Can be authorized to control a door, or control multiple doors;
Flexible authorization: The system can adjust user permissions arbitrarily according to the needs of management, and keep abreast of user dynamics, including customer identity, operation location, function and time sequence, etc., to realize real-time intelligent management;
Unable to copy: This system uses iris information as the password, which can't be copied; and every activity can be automatically recorded, which is easy to trace and query. If it is illegal, it will automatically alarm;
Flexible configuration: Users and managers can set different installation and operation methods according to their own preferences, needs or occasions. For example, in public places such as the lobby, you can only use the password input method. However, in important occasions, the password is forbidden. Only the iris recognition method is used. Of course, it can also be used in two ways.
Low investment, maintenance-free: The system can retain the original lock, but its mechanical moving parts are reduced, and the movement range is small, the life of the bolt is longer; the system is maintenance-free, and can be expanded and upgraded at any time without repurchasing the equipment. In the long run, the benefits will be significant and the management level will be greatly improved.
Wide application industry: widely used in coal mines, banks, prisons, access control, social security, medical and other industries;
Disadvantages 1. It is difficult to miniaturize the size of the image acquisition device;
2. The equipment cost is high and cannot be widely promoted;
3. The lens may produce image distortion and reduce reliability;
4. Two modules: hardware and software;
5. An automatic iris recognition system consists of two major modules: hardware and software: iris image acquisition device and iris recognition algorithm. Corresponding to the two basic problems of image acquisition and pattern matching, respectively.
Fifth, face recognition
principle
A widely used regional feature analysis algorithm in face recognition technology, which combines computer image processing technology and biostatistics principle, uses computer image processing technology to extract portrait feature points from video, and analyzes by using the principle of biostatistics. Create a mathematical model, that is, a face feature template. Using the established face feature template and the face image of the subject to perform feature analysis, a similar value is given according to the analysis result. Use this value to determine if it is the same person.
Face recognition technology advantage
Face recognition is an emerging biometrics technology. Compared with iris recognition, fingerprint scanning and palm scanning, face recognition technology has unique advantages in application:
Easy to use, high user acceptance The face recognition technology uses a universal camera as the identification information acquisition device to complete the recognition process in a non-contact manner without the recognition object being aware of it.
The intuitive use of face recognition technology is based on the human face image, and the human face is undoubtedly the most intuitive source of information that can be discerned by the naked eye. It is convenient for manual confirmation and auditing, and it is in line with human cognition.
The recognition accuracy is high, and the speed is faster than other biometric technologies. The recognition accuracy of face recognition technology is at a high level, and the misrecognition rate and rejection rate are low.
It is not easy to counterfeit in applications with high security requirements. Face recognition technology requires that the recognition object must be in person to identify the scene, and it is difficult for others to copy it. The unique discriminative power of face recognition technology ensures that others cannot deceive the recognition system with inactive photos, puppets, and wax figures. This is difficult to achieve with biometrics such as fingerprints. For example, using a broken finger of a legitimate user can counterfeit the identity of a legitimate user and make the recognition system undetectable.
The devices used by the universal device face recognition technology are general PCs, cameras, and the like. Since computers, closed-circuit television monitoring systems, and the like have been widely used, the face recognition technology is not required for most users. A large number of special equipment, which not only protects the user's original investment but also expands the functions of the user's existing equipment, meeting the needs of user security.
The basic data is easy to obtain. Face recognition technology is based on face photos or face images captured in real time, so it is undoubtedly the easiest to obtain.
Low cost, easy to promote and use Because face recognition technology uses conventional general-purpose equipment, the price is within the acceptable range of general users, compared with other biometric technologies, face recognition products have high performance prices. ratio. In a nutshell, face recognition technology is a biometric recognition technology with high precision, easy to use, high stability, difficult to counterfeit, and cost-effective. It has extremely broad market application prospects.
Disadvantage
Facial recognition is considered to be one of the most difficult research topics in the field of biometrics and even artificial intelligence. The difficulty of facial recognition is mainly caused by the characteristics of the face as a biological feature.
The differences between individuals with similar similarities are not significant, the structure of all faces is similar, and even the structural shapes of facial organs are similar. Such features are advantageous for positioning with a face, but are disadvantageous for distinguishing human subjects with faces.
The shape of the anaplastic face is very unstable. People can produce many expressions through changes in the face. At different viewing angles, the visual images of the face are also very different. In addition, facial recognition is also subject to lighting conditions (such as day and night, indoors). And outdoor, etc.), many face coverings (such as masks, sunglasses, hair, beards, etc.), age and other factors. In facial recognition, the first type of change should be scaled up as a criterion for distinguishing individuals, while the second type of change should be eliminated because they can represent the same individual. The first type of change is usually referred to as an inter-class change, and the second type of change is referred to as an intra-class change. For the face, intra-class changes tend to be greater than inter-class changes, making it difficult to distinguish individuals with inter-class changes in the case of interference within the class.
Six, vein recognition
The main purpose is to use the structure of the venous blood vessels for identification. Since the vein pattern contains a large amount of characteristic information, it can be used as an object of verification. The principle of palm vein recognition is also to use venous angiography with different absorption characteristics of specific wavelengths of infrared light between veins and muscles and osteophytes. The principle is the same as palm vein recognition. Since the palm is thick, infrared light is usually not transmitted, so reflection angiography can only be used. The infrared light is irradiated on the back of the hand, and the part where the vein is absorbed absorbs the infrared light and the reflection is weak, and the muscle and the bone part are strongly reflected, thereby realizing the contrast of the vein.
advantage
(1) It belongs to the characteristics of inner cattle, does not wear out, is difficult to forge, and has high safety.
(2) The vascular characteristics are usually more obvious, easy to identify, and good in anti-interference.
(3) Non-contact measurement can be realized, which is hygienic and easy to accept for users.
(4) It is not easily affected by surface scratches or oil stains.
Disadvantage
(1) The dorsal vein of the hand may still change with age and physiology, and the permanent has not been confirmed.
(2) Although the possibility is small, there is still the possibility that registration cannot be successful.
(3) Because the collection method is limited by its own characteristics, it is difficult to miniaturize the product.
(4) The collection equipment has special requirements, the design is relatively complicated, and the manufacturing cost is high.
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